What is the difference between monetary and fiscal policy?
First Published: ADawnJournal.com April 29, 2010
Two of the most important parts of any country’s economics are their monetary and fiscal policies. Many people assume that these two policies are one and the same, but this is not the case. These policies are two different entities that affect a country’s economics in different ways.
Monetary Policy
The monetary policy of a country is the process by which a government or central bank supply money to the populace, thereby affecting the availability of money as well as the cost of money and the interest rate associated with it. This is done to reach a certain set of objectives to help the economy grow, as well as remain stable in difficult financial times. Economists will also refer to monetary policy as being the expansionary or contractionary policy of the country. When it is referred to as the expansionary policy, is when the total money supply of the economy is increasing, while contractionary policy is the opposite, where money is decreasing. These two policies within the monetary policy are also used at different times. When there is a recession, interest rates are lowered to combat unemployment through the expansionary policy. However, if the economy is suffering from high inflation, then interest rates are raised through a contractionary policy.
Interest rates are highly important to the monetary policy of the country and there is a distinct relationship between monetary policy and interest rates. Through the monetary policy, the interest rates of the country are tied in with how much money is supplied and how much is being borrowed. Through this relationship, it is possible to influence the inflation, economic growth, exchange rates and even unemployment of the country.
Nearly all industrialized and developed nations operate their monetary policy through specially created institutions. Examples of these institutions include the European Central Bank for the EU, the Reserve Bank of India, The Federal Reserve System of the United States, the Bank of Canada, the Bank of Japan, the Reserve Bank of Australia and the Bank of England. These institutions are called central banks and they have the distinct task of ensuring the financial system of the country is operating properly.
The most often used tool of monetary policy is open market operations. With this the government can manage the money supply of the country by buying and selling treasury bills, foreign currencies and company bonds. Other tools used by central banks to manage monetary policy include discount window lending, fractional deposit lending, moral suasion and open mouth operations.
Without central banks and a monetary policy, the economy of a country would be highly unpredictable. There would be no way to manage money and recessions could easily turn into depressions and inflation could run out of control. Examples of countries with poor monetary policies include Zimbabwe, which has seen its inflation rate reach unprecedented levels. Whenever a country hits a rough patch, or needs to do some work to keep its economy moving forward, the citizens should be happy they have a good monetary policy in place.
Fiscal Policy
Fiscal policy is not monetary policy, and it is important to make this distinction. A fiscal policy is the use of government expenses and revenue collection in order to influence the economy. This differs from monetary policy, which is used to stabilize an economy through interest rates and money supply.
Fiscal policy uses expenditures of the government and taxes in order to influence the economy. Through the changing of the level of taxation, it is possible for the government to improve the demand and level of economic activity, while also allocating resources and ensuring that income is distributed properly. As a result, the fiscal policy of a country can refer to the effect of the outcome of a budget on the activity of the economy. With fiscal policy, there are three different methods that can be used; neutral, expansionary and contractionary.
With a neutral stance, the budget is balanced, where the spending of the government is equal to the tax revenue that comes in. Therefore, the government gets all the money it needs from taxes and the budget outcome has no effect on the economy activity level of the country.
With an expansionary stance, government spending is greater than the tax revenue coming in. This is done by either lowering the taxes of the country, or by increasing the expenditures of the country while leaving taxation the same. This creates a budget deficit in most cases.
With a contractionary fiscal policy, taxation is greater than government spending. This is done through increasing taxation and leaving spending the same, or by reducing spending. This leads to a surplus for the government in most cases.
There are several ways that a fiscal policy will be funded, not including the largest way which is through taxation. These methods include:
1. Seigniorage, which is printing money.
2. Borrowing money from the population.
3. Using fiscal reserves.
4. Selling assets like land.
When a deficit needs to be funded through fiscal policy, it is usually done through the issuing of bonds, bills and securities. Since these pay interest, the government is able to collect money on them for a fixed period of time. However, when the government is borrowing money and cannot afford the fiscal payments, it will go into default on its foreign loans.
A fiscal surplus can be saved for future use, in which case it is usually invested in currency or other financial investments until it is needed. When there is an economic slump and taxation as well as income falls, these reserves can then be used to continue funding expenditures at the same rate as before, without having to worry about taking on more debt.
The fiscal policy is very important and has been used several times in the past to help countries get out of recessions, while also helping countries continue operating at pre-recession expenditure levels. Fiscal policies, combined with monetary policies, keep a country’s economy moving forward and benefit everyone in the long run.
