The Role Of The Chinese Government In The Economy

The Chinese Government and The Chinese Economy

First Published Date : November 4, 2010 ADawnJournal.com

The Chinese economy has grown immensely in the past few years, and a big part of that is because of the government and the changes it has made in the economic structure of the country.

In 1949, the country became a socialist country, which means that the government has been responsible for planning and managing the national economy. In the 1950s, the government monopolized foreign trade and became the owner of all the domestic enterprises. The government set the price for all commodities and controlled distribution of investment funds, output targets and more. This caused the economy of China to be stagnant and slow and it was not until 1978 when economic reforms were put in place.

Since then, the government’s role in the economy has fallen greatly, while the role of private enterprise has grown. That being said, the government still maintains an active role in the urban economy and has policies in place with agriculture procurement. The government’s management of the economy is involved through a top-down chain of command with hundreds of ministries, commissions, administrations, bureaus, academies and corporations.

Economic policies established by the National People’s Congress and the State Council and moved on to the economic organizations that work under the State Council. The State Council then implements the plans into various sectors of the economy. Direct control of the economy by the government is done through designating physical output quotas and supply allocations, while indirect control is done through affecting market incentives.

Over the past 30 years, companies within China have begun to gain more and more independence from the government in a range of activities. Large-scale construction, as well as important industries and services are still managed heavily by the government through direct management, but the rest of the economy has gained a great deal of independence. That being said, one-third of the GDP of the country is still generated through government-controlled industries.

The government these days does not heavily control consumer spending and the market forces of income levels and the cost of goods and services determine spending. Before 1978, goods and services were rationed when they were in short supply, meaning the government had more control over what people bought.

The Ministry of Commerce, customs and the Bank of China and the Chinese banking system’s foreign exchange division, which controls access to foreign currency that is required to do imports, currently manage foreign trade. Although even the restrictions on foreign trade are beginning to fall greatly as government restrictions lessen.

China has the fastest growing economy on the planet and it is expected to be the strongest and largest economy in the world by the mid-part of the 21st century. It is a growing force and it all began in 1978 when the government made the decision to lessen the restrictions in place and bring in more free enterprise into a socialist country, a model many other countries are now looking at.

Some Facts About China’s Economy

China Economy Facts

First Published Date: July 3, 2010 ADawnJournal.com

China is one of the most fascinating countries on Earth. It has existed in one form or another for 5,000 years, has influenced the world immensely and even today it is a dominating country on Earth. While in the 20thcentury China was a developing nation, these days it is not only developed, but it may be the superpower of the 21st century.

At this moment, China’s economy is the third largest in the world, just behind the United States and Japan. With a GDP of $4.91 trillion, it is fast becoming the biggest economy on the planet and it has the second highest net-worth behind the United States with $8.77 trillion. In addition, China has the fastest growing major economy on the planet, with a 10 percent growth rate over the past 30 years on average per year. China may be a huge economy, but it’s per capita income is only $3,677, which puts it 97th in the world. That will change as time goes on though because China is the second-largest trading nation in the world, and the largest exporter, while also being the second largest importer.

The growth of China’s economy has also helped its citizens come out of poverty. The level of poverty in China fell from 53 percent in 1981, to 2.5 percent in 2005. That being said, 10 percent of the population, or over 100 million people, still live in extreme poverty. The infant mortality rate has also fallen as China has grown in economic power, falling roughly 39 percent between 1990 and 2005. Maternal mortality also fell by 41 percent in that same period, while the access to telephones increased by 94-fold to 57.1 percent of the population having telephones.

China has a lot of trade going through its borders, and its currency is highly traded on the world’s markets. Currently, foreign exchange reserves have risen dramatically. In 1999, foreign exchange reserves in China stood at $155 billion, and by 2000 that had gone up to $10 billion. In 2005 it had risen to $800 billion. By the end of 2006, that had gone up to $1 trillion, and by 2008 it was nearly $2 trillion. In 2008 as well, China replaced Japan as the largest foreign holder of U.S. treasury securities with $585 billion. This was the first time that had ever happened.

The two biggest sectors of the Chinese economy are agriculture and industry, both of which employ roughly a total of 70 percent of the labour force and account for roughly 60 percent of the GDP production in the country.

For many, the sudden emergence of China took them by surprise. The country has risen fast and very strongly in the past few years, becoming a country that is going to be very powerful in the 21st century. As time goes on, more and more people will be looking at China, rather than the United States, as the main driver of the entire world’s economy.

A Brief History of An Emerging Giant: China

China: An Emerging Giant

First Published: February 24, 2010 ADawnJournal.com

Many people call China an emerging country that is becoming one of the most powerful on Earth, but it is very important to remember that China is not new, nor newly powerful. In fact, China is one of the oldest civilizations on Earth. For the past 6,000 years, China has been a constant power, and the only country to last this long. For more than 4,000 years, the country used a political system that was based on hereditary monarchies, but that changed in 1911 when the Republic of China was founded. This caused a great deal of problems and the country erupted into civil war. By the 1940s, the country was in shambles and taken over by the Japanese. However, in 1949 the country staged its “Glorious Revolution” and the Republic of China was pushed out of the country so that the communist party could take power. The country is now called The People’s Republic of China.

What is amazing about the country is that while it is communist, in 1978 it introduced a market-based economy and that allowed the country to become the fifth fastest growing economy on Earth and the fastest growing of the top 20 economies in the world. In addition, China exports more goods than any other country and it imports the third most goods.

For most of the 20th century, China was thought of as a place for the poor, with many poor conditions, but the country has worked very hard to reduce its poverty. While the country had a poverty rate of 53 percent in 1981, the industrialization of the country helped to build a large middle class, and the poverty level is now down to eight percent. That is a drop of over 40 percent in only 29 years.

China has also shown itself to be forward thinking in many ways. The country, widely known for its environmental problems, is now becoming a world leader in renewable energy. The country also implemented a one-child policy to stop a rapidly increasing birth rate, well before high populations around the world were even though of as a problem. While the country still has problems with freedom of the press and human rights, it is rapidly changing. It is currently the third largest economy on Earth and is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council. The country is also a member of the G-20, the World Trade Organization, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and one of the few countries that have nuclear weapons. While China does have the largest standing army on Earth and the second-largest defence budget after the United States, it has not shown itself as one looking for war.

Many have said that the 21st century is the century for China and they may be right. The 20th century was the American century, the 19th century was the British century, it is time for a new giant and that giant is most likely going to be the country that has existed for 6,000 years and may exist for many more to come.

India China Relations Have Come a Long Way

China and India Relations

First Published: November 26, 2009 ADawnJournal.com

As time has gone on there have also been many developments in the India China economy, some of which are worth writing home about. Even though there were always fears that China was going to overrun India, it can be reported that the best thing that happened is the growth of bilateral trade between these two neighbouring economic giants. For the last few years, it has emerged that a balance of sorts is actually developing and both trade partners are happy with the progress so far.

With all these positive developments, there are still some small quarters that have the feeling that it may be too early to completely open up the Indian Market for the giant China. It happens that inmost cases, there is a competition from the two manufacturing nations that cuts across an almost similar range of products. This quarters that are skeptical about the advantage that India will be getting when it clearly emerges that import tariffs become higher locally as compared to their competitor, which to them is a real disadvantage. There has been a growing feeling that due consideration was not taken when their government signed FTAs with China. To them more needed to have been done in order to remove the current confusion that seems to exist in the current market.

Actually, ever since the two countries established diplomatic ties in the year 1950, there has been a tremendous progressive growth that has resulted in warm relationships despite the differences in their national ideological thinking. The two neighbouring nation’s leaders must have long realized the importance of cordial relationships and for that reason their bilateral trade has continued to grow unhindered over time. Any challenges that are experienced any time are easily solved in an amicable way solutions are mutually beneficial, even when it comes to sensitive and potentially explosive issues like border disputes.

India and China have for a long time had bilateral agreements on important areas such as technology and aviation, two items which are a the bedrock of modern trade tendencies and for this reason it on known that they regularly hold consultations in order to update themselves on any progress or challenges that need to be attended to for their mutual benefit. And with the direct air links they have had for a long time now, travel and cultural exchanges are things that are a common agenda among the citizenry.

Studies seem to indicate that there may be a need to put more focus on future investments or trade in sectors that have been left behind in the past. These sectors include traditional manufacturing but most important are knowledge based sectors so that India especially can reap a big bargain in some of these areas. Even though there are many products India can export to China, currently the greatest of them is iron but a lot more can still be done with stuff like chemicals, plastic, rubber and much more. But when they are put together, China and India can build a formidable force and develop areas that have great potential such as biotechnology, education, health, and tourism and information technology.

The Sky Is the limit for India China Trade Relations

China and India Trade Relations

First Published: ADawnJournal.com December 3, 2009

In the recent past India and China have continued to show a willingness to continue enhancing their relationship, and especially when there are possibilities of signing a free trade agreement. It is not too long ago that these two Asian giants agreed amongst themselves to leave no stone unturned in resisting any powers bending their elbows to force them into a deal regarding green house gas emissions. It is an open secret that with the cooperation of India and China in many areas of common interest the whole area in general is going to reap huge benefits. However, analysts believe they need to do things faster than they are happening now for their mutual benefit.

The one issue that may need to be addressed soon by those who are involved is the large gap that exists in the China India trade. Whereas the Chinese were able to push exports to India worth $31 Billion, India on the other hand managed only a paltry $9 Billion, which is close to only one third of their counterparts’ trade volume. There many Indian business people and analysts who are a little concerned and they want the issue handled not only amicably but fast also. Because there also fears in some quarters that Chinese goods could have been dumped in India, there are measures being put in place to check just that.

It may appear as if more than half of the total Indian exports to China have basically constituted of unprocessed iron ore, may be due to the fact that China has a large manufacturing base that is hungry for iron. This ends up leaving a large gap for the Indian Business people to try and put in manufactured goods that should get a good market in China as well. Some of the areas that are being considered include IT, where India is known to have a real niche and the news is that some Indian IT companies are actually setting base in China. The Chinese continue to enjoy a wide market in India for their machinery which has enjoyed good patronage over time.

There already seems to be a good wave of cooperation between manufacturing companies in both countries who discover they can be of mutual benefit to each other. Several Indian IT and pharmaceutical companies are already enjoying the benefits of cross border trade and if truth was to be told, they are seeing a good return on their investment. Some of those that have stories to write home about include companies such as Infosys and Ranbaxy among others. However they still need to pull up their socks in order to gain all the potential benefits that await them.

On the other hand there success stories from China in India and the case of Huawei Technologies comes to mind very quickly. Their investment has brought such a boost to India communication industry, especially through their fiber optic cables investment. There are of course a few teething problems that need to be addressed sooner rather than later, if this encouraging trend is going to see the light of the day and experience some exponential growth. Both governments then need to clear the path for their thriving business communities and only time will tell how far they both will go.